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# Class Abstraction

PHP 5 introduces abstract classes and methods. It is not allowed to create an instance of a class that has been defined as abstract. Any class that contains at least one abstract method must also be abstract. Methods defined as abstract simply declare the method's signature they cannot define the implementation.

When inheriting from an abstract class, all methods marked abstract in the parent's class declaration must be defined by the child; additionally, these methods must be defined with the same (or weaker) visibillity. For example, if the abstract method is defined as protected, the function implementation must be defined as either protected or public.

Example 19-17. Abstract class example
`<?php abstract class AbstractClass { // Force Extending class to define this method abstract protected function getValue(); abstract protected function prefixValue($prefix); // Common method public function printOut() { print $this->getValue() . "\n"; } } class ConcreteClass1 extends AbstractClass { protected function getValue() { return "ConcreteClass1"; } public function prefixValue($prefix) { return "{$prefix}ConcreteClass1"; } } class ConcreteClass2 extends AbstractClass { public function getValue() { return "ConcreteClass2"; } public function prefixValue($prefix) { return "{$prefix}ConcreteClass2"; } } $class1 = new ConcreteClass1; $class1->printOut(); echo $class1->prefixValue('FOO_') ."\n"; $class2 = new ConcreteClass2; $class2->printOut(); echo $class2->prefixValue('FOO_') ."\n"; ?>`
The above example will output:
    ConcreteClass1
    FOO_ConcreteClass1
    ConcreteClass2
    FOO_ConcreteClass2

Old code that has no user-defined classes or functions named 'abstract' should run without modifications.

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