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# Reflection

## Introduction

PHP 5 comes with a complete reflection API that adds the ability to reverse-engineer classes, interfaces, functions and methods as well as extensions. Additionally, the reflection API also offers ways of retrieving doc comments for functions, classes and methods.

The reflection API is an object-oriented extension to the Zend Engine, consisting of the following classes:

`<?php class Reflection { } interface Reflector { } class ReflectionException extends Exception { } class ReflectionFunction implements Reflector { } class ReflectionParameter implements Reflector { } class ReflectionMethod extends ReflectionFunction { } class ReflectionClass implements Reflector { } class ReflectionObject extends ReflectionClass { } class ReflectionProperty implements Reflector { } class ReflectionExtension implements Reflector { } ?>`

> Note: For details on these classes, have a look at the next chapters.

If we were to execute the code in the example below:

Example 19-33. Basic usage of the reflection API
`<?php Reflection::export(new ReflectionClass('Exception')); ?>`
The above example will output:
    Class [ <internal> class Exception ] {

      - Constants [0] {
      }

      - Static properties [0] {
      }

      - Static methods [0] {
      }

      - Properties [6] {
        Property [ <default> protected $message ]
        Property [ <default> private $string ]
        Property [ <default> protected $code ]
        Property [ <default> protected $file ]
        Property [ <default> protected $line ]
        Property [ <default> private $trace ]
      }

      - Methods [9] {
        Method [ <internal> final private method __clone ] {
        }

        Method [ <internal> <ctor> public method __construct ] {

          - Parameters [2] {
            Parameter #0 [ <required> $message ]
            Parameter #1 [ <required> $code ]
          }
        }

        Method [ <internal> final public method getMessage ] {
        }

        Method [ <internal> final public method getCode ] {
        }

        Method [ <internal> final public method getFile ] {
        }

        Method [ <internal> final public method getLine ] {
        }

        Method [ <internal> final public method getTrace ] {
        }

        Method [ <internal> final public method getTraceAsString ] {
        }

        Method [ <internal> public method __toString ] {
        }
      }
    }

## ReflectionException

ReflectionException extends the standard Exception and is thrown by Reflection API. No specific methods or properties are introduced.

## ReflectionFunction

The ReflectionFunction class lets you reverse-engineer functions.

`<?php class ReflectionFunction implements Reflector { final private __clone() public object __construct(string name) public string __toString() public static string export(string name, bool return) public string getName() public bool isInternal() public bool isUserDefined() public string getFileName() public int getStartLine() public int getEndLine() public string getDocComment() public array getStaticVariables() public mixed invoke(mixed args) public mixed invokeArgs(array args) public bool returnsReference() public ReflectionParameter[] getParameters() public int getNumberOfParameters() public int getNumberOfRequiredParameters() } ?>`

> Note: getNumberOfParameters() and getNumberOfRequiredParameters() were added in PHP 5.0.3, while invokeArgs() was added in PHP 5.1.0.

To introspect a function, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionFunction class. You can then call any of the above methods on this instance.

Example 19-34. Using the ReflectionFunction class
`<?php /** * A simple counter * * @return int */ function counter() { static $c = 0; return $c++; } // Create an instance of the Reflection_Function class $func = new ReflectionFunction('counter'); // Print out basic information printf( "===> The %s function '%s'\n". " declared in %s\n". " lines %d to %d\n", $func->isInternal() ? 'internal' : 'user-defined', $func->getName(), $func->getFileName(), $func->getStartLine(), $func->getEndline() ); // Print documentation comment printf("---> Documentation:\n %s\n", var_export($func->getDocComment(), 1)); // Print static variables if existant if ($statics = $func->getStaticVariables()) { printf("---> Static variables: %s\n", var_export($statics, 1)); } // Invoke the function printf("---> Invokation results in: "); var_dump($func->invoke()); // you may prefer to use the export() method echo "\nReflectionFunction::export() results:\n"; echo ReflectionFunction::export('counter'); ?>`

> Note: The method invoke() accepts a variable number of arguments which are passed to the function just as in call_user_func().

## ReflectionParameter

The ReflectionParameter class retrieves information about a function's or method's parameters.

`<?php class ReflectionParameter implements Reflector { final private __clone() public object __construct(string name) public string __toString() public static string export(mixed function, mixed parameter, bool return) public string getName() public bool isPassedByReference() public ReflectionFunction getDeclaringFunction() public ReflectionClass getDeclaringClass() public ReflectionClass getClass() public bool isArray() public bool allowsNull() public bool isPassedByReference() public bool getPosition() public bool isOptional() public bool isDefaultValueAvailable() public mixed getDefaultValue() } ?>`

> Note: getDefaultValue(), isDefaultValueAvailable() and isOptional() were added in PHP 5.0.3, while isArray() was added in PHP 5.1.0. getDeclaringFunction() and getPosition() were added in PHP 5.1.3.

To introspect function parameters, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionFunction or ReflectionMethod classes and then use their getParameters() method to retrieve an array of parameters.

Example 19-35. Using the ReflectionParameter class
`<?php function foo($a, $b, $c) { } function bar(Exception $a, &$b, $c) { } function baz(ReflectionFunction $a, $b = 1, $c = null) { } function abc() { } // Create an instance of Reflection_Function with the // parameter given from the command line. $reflect = new ReflectionFunction($argv[1]); echo $reflect; foreach ($reflect->getParameters() as $i => $param) { printf( "-- Parameter #%d: %s {\n". " Class: %s\n". " Allows NULL: %s\n". " Passed to by reference: %s\n". " Is optional?: %s\n". "}\n", $i, $param->getName(), var_export($param->getClass(), 1), var_export($param->allowsNull(), 1), var_export($param->isPassedByReference(), 1), $param->isOptional() ? 'yes' : 'no' ); } ?>`

## ReflectionClass

The ReflectionClass class lets you reverse-engineer classes.

`<?php class ReflectionClass implements Reflector { final private __clone() public object __construct(string name) public string __toString() public static string export(mixed class, bool return) public string getName() public bool isInternal() public bool isUserDefined() public bool isInstantiable() public bool hasConstant(string name) public bool hasMethod(string name) public bool hasProperty(string name) public string getFileName() public int getStartLine() public int getEndLine() public string getDocComment() public ReflectionMethod getConstructor() public ReflectionMethod getMethod(string name) public ReflectionMethod[] getMethods() public ReflectionProperty getProperty(string name) public ReflectionProperty[] getProperties() public array getConstants() public mixed getConstant(string name) public ReflectionClass[] getInterfaces() public bool isInterface() public bool isAbstract() public bool isFinal() public int getModifiers() public bool isInstance(stdclass object) public stdclass newInstance(mixed args) public stdclass newInstanceArgs(array args) public ReflectionClass getParentClass() public bool isSubclassOf(ReflectionClass class) public array getStaticProperties() public mixed getStaticPropertyValue(string name [, mixed default]) public void setStaticPropertyValue(string name, mixed value) public array getDefaultProperties() public bool isIterateable() public bool implementsInterface(string name) public ReflectionExtension getExtension() public string getExtensionName() } ?>`

> Note: hasConstant(), hasMethod(), hasProperty(), getStaticPropertyValue() and setStaticPropertyValue() were added in PHP 5.1.0, while newInstanceArgs() was added in PHP 5.1.3.

To introspect a class, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionClass class. You can then call any of the above methods on this instance.

Example 19-36. Using the ReflectionClass class
`<?php interface Serializable { // ... } class Object { // ... } /** * A counter class */ class Counter extends Object implements Serializable { const START = 0; private static $c = Counter::START; /** * Invoke counter * * @access public * @return int */ public function count() { return self::$c++; } } // Create an instance of the ReflectionClass class $class = new ReflectionClass('Counter'); // Print out basic information printf( "===> The %s%s%s %s '%s' [extends %s]\n" . " declared in %s\n" . " lines %d to %d\n" . " having the modifiers %d [%s]\n", $class->isInternal() ? 'internal' : 'user-defined', $class->isAbstract() ? ' abstract' : '', $class->isFinal() ? ' final' : '', $class->isInterface() ? 'interface' : 'class', $class->getName(), var_export($class->getParentClass(), 1), $class->getFileName(), $class->getStartLine(), $class->getEndline(), $class->getModifiers(), implode(' ', Reflection::getModifierNames($class->getModifiers())) ); // Print documentation comment printf("---> Documentation:\n %s\n", var_export($class->getDocComment(), 1)); // Print which interfaces are implemented by this class printf("---> Implements:\n %s\n", var_export($class->getInterfaces(), 1)); // Print class constants printf("---> Constants: %s\n", var_export($class->getConstants(), 1)); // Print class properties printf("---> Properties: %s\n", var_export($class->getProperties(), 1)); // Print class methods printf("---> Methods: %s\n", var_export($class->getMethods(), 1)); // If this class is instantiable, create an instance if ($class->isInstantiable()) { $counter = $class->newInstance(); echo '---> $counter is instance? '; echo $class->isInstance($counter) ? 'yes' : 'no'; echo "\n---> new Object() is instance? "; echo $class->isInstance(new Object()) ? 'yes' : 'no'; } ?>`

> Note: The method newInstance() accepts a variable number of arguments which are passed to the function just as in call_user_func().

> Note: $class = new ReflectionClass('Foo'); $class->isInstance($arg) is equivalent to $arg instanceof Foo or is_a($arg, 'Foo').

## ReflectionObject

The ReflectionObject class lets you reverse-engineer objects.

`<?php class ReflectionObject extends ReflectionClass { final private __clone() public object __construct(mixed object) public string __toString() public static string export(mixed object, bool return) } ?>`

## ReflectionMethod

The ReflectionMethod class lets you reverse-engineer class methods.

`<?php class ReflectionMethod extends ReflectionFunction { public __construct(mixed class, string name) public string __toString() public static string export(mixed class, string name, bool return) public mixed invoke(stdclass object, mixed args) public mixed invokeArgs(stdclass object, array args) public bool isFinal() public bool isAbstract() public bool isPublic() public bool isPrivate() public bool isProtected() public bool isStatic() public bool isConstructor() public bool isDestructor() public int getModifiers() public ReflectionClass getDeclaringClass() // Inherited from ReflectionFunction final private __clone() public string getName() public bool isInternal() public bool isUserDefined() public string getFileName() public int getStartLine() public int getEndLine() public string getDocComment() public array getStaticVariables() public bool returnsReference() public ReflectionParameter[] getParameters() public int getNumberOfParameters() public int getNumberOfRequiredParameters() } ?>`

To introspect a method, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionMethod class. You can then call any of the above methods on this instance.

Example 19-37. Using the ReflectionMethod class
`<?php class Counter { private static $c = 0; /** * Increment counter * * @final * @static * @access public * @return int */ final public static function increment() { return ++self::$c; } } // Create an instance of the Reflection_Method class $method = new ReflectionMethod('Counter', 'increment'); // Print out basic information printf( "===> The %s%s%s%s%s%s%s method '%s' (which is %s)\n" . " declared in %s\n" . " lines %d to %d\n" . " having the modifiers %d[%s]\n", $method->isInternal() ? 'internal' : 'user-defined', $method->isAbstract() ? ' abstract' : '', $method->isFinal() ? ' final' : '', $method->isPublic() ? ' public' : '', $method->isPrivate() ? ' private' : '', $method->isProtected() ? ' protected' : '', $method->isStatic() ? ' static' : '', $method->getName(), $method->isConstructor() ? 'the constructor' : 'a regular method', $method->getFileName(), $method->getStartLine(), $method->getEndline(), $method->getModifiers(), implode(' ', Reflection::getModifierNames($method->getModifiers())) ); // Print documentation comment printf("---> Documentation:\n %s\n", var_export($method->getDocComment(), 1)); // Print static variables if existant if ($statics= $method->getStaticVariables()) { printf("---> Static variables: %s\n", var_export($statics, 1)); } // Invoke the method printf("---> Invokation results in: "); var_dump($method->invoke(NULL)); ?>`

> Note: Trying to invoke private, protected or abstract methods will result in an exception being thrown from the invoke() method.

> Note: For static methods as seen above, you should pass NULL as the first argument to invoke(). For non-static methods, pass an instance of the class.

## ReflectionProperty

The ReflectionProperty class lets you reverse-engineer class properties.

`<?php class ReflectionProperty implements Reflector { final private __clone() public __construct(mixed class, string name) public string __toString() public static string export(mixed class, string name, bool return) public string getName() public bool isPublic() public bool isPrivate() public bool isProtected() public bool isStatic() public bool isDefault() public int getModifiers() public mixed getValue(stdclass object) public void setValue(stdclass object, mixed value) public ReflectionClass getDeclaringClass() public string getDocComment() } ?>`

> Note: getDocComment() was added in PHP 5.1.0.

To introspect a property, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionProperty class. You can then call any of the above methods on this instance.

Example 19-38. Using the ReflectionProperty class
`<?php class String { public $length = 5; } // Create an instance of the ReflectionProperty class $prop = new ReflectionProperty('String', 'length'); // Print out basic information printf( "===> The%s%s%s%s property '%s' (which was %s)\n" . " having the modifiers %s\n", $prop->isPublic() ? ' public' : '', $prop->isPrivate() ? ' private' : '', $prop->isProtected() ? ' protected' : '', $prop->isStatic() ? ' static' : '', $prop->getName(), $prop->isDefault() ? 'declared at compile-time' : 'created at run-time', var_export(Reflection::getModifierNames($prop->getModifiers()), 1) ); // Create an instance of String $obj= new String(); // Get current value printf("---> Value is: "); var_dump($prop->getValue($obj)); // Change value $prop->setValue($obj, 10); printf("---> Setting value to 10, new value is: "); var_dump($prop->getValue($obj)); // Dump object var_dump($obj); ?>`

> Note: Trying to get or set private or protected class property's values will result in an exception being thrown.

## ReflectionExtension

The ReflectionExtension class lets you reverse-engineer extensions. You can retrieve all loaded extensions at runtime using the get_loaded_extensions().

`<?php class ReflectionExtension implements Reflector { final private __clone() public __construct(string name) public string __toString() public static string export(string name, bool return) public string getName() public string getVersion() public ReflectionFunction[] getFunctions() public array getConstants() public array getINIEntries() public ReflectionClass[] getClasses() public array getClassNames() } ?>`

To introspect an extension, you will first have to create an instance of the ReflectionExtension class. You can then call any of the above methods on this instance.

Example 19-39. Using the ReflectionExtension class
`<?php // Create an instance of the ReflectionProperty class $ext = new ReflectionExtension('standard'); // Print out basic information printf( "Name : %s\n" . "Version : %s\n" . "Functions : [%d] %s\n" . "Constants : [%d] %s\n" . "INI entries : [%d] %s\n" . "Classes : [%d] %s\n", $ext->getName(), $ext->getVersion() ? $ext->getVersion() : 'NO_VERSION', sizeof($ext->getFunctions()), var_export($ext->getFunctions(), 1), sizeof($ext->getConstants()), var_export($ext->getConstants(), 1), sizeof($ext->getINIEntries()), var_export($ext->getINIEntries(), 1), sizeof($ext->getClassNames()), var_export($ext->getClassNames(), 1) ); ?>`

## Extending the reflection classes

In case you want to create specialized versions of the built-in classes (say, for creating colorized HTML when being exported, having easy-access member variables instead of methods or having utility methods), you may go ahead and extend them.

Example 19-40. Extending the built-in classes
`<?php /** * My Reflection_Method class */ class My_Reflection_Method extends ReflectionMethod { public $visibility = ''; public function __construct($o, $m) { parent::__construct($o, $m); $this->visibility= Reflection::getModifierNames($this->getModifiers()); } } /** * Demo class #1 * */ class T { protected function x() {} } /** * Demo class #2 * */ class U extends T { function x() {} } // Print out information var_dump(new My_Reflection_Method('U', 'x')); ?>`

> Note: Caution: If you're overwriting the constructor, remember to call the parent's constructor _before_ any code you insert. Failing to do so will result in the following: Fatal error: Internal error: Failed to retrieve the reflection object

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